These caterpillars can be maintained at 37☌, are suitable for injections with defined amounts of yeast cells, and are susceptible to the most threatening yeast pathogens, including C. To complement existing invertebrate host models, we developed fifth instar caterpillars of the Tobacco Hornworm moth Manduca sexta as a novel host model. While this is commonly done in mammalian models, which are afflicted by ethical and practical concerns, invertebrate models, such as wax moth larvae and nematodes have been introduced over the last two decades. It is thus imperative to study fungal virulence mechanisms, efficacy of antifungal drugs, and host response pathways.
The two leading yeast pathogens of humans, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, cause systemic infections in >1.4 million patients worldwide with mortality rates approaching 75%.
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